This blog post includes the details of my VTOL aircraft build project. VTOL means "Vertical Take Off and Landing".
After my multicopter and remote control model helicopter builds, I was interested in Vtol aircrafts. Because of short flight time drawbacks of multirotors, I searched for the solution which has longer endurance. Fixed wing aircrafts have longer flight time and flight range advantages over multicopters. But they require runways or catapult launch systems/parachute for takeoff and landing. I searched most feasible fixed wing RC (remote control) aircraft to transform it to a vtol aircraft. My first and most important requirement was that the aircraft should have enough space to put all my avionics. Meanwhile I saw a Skywalker X8 in the second hand rc equipments announcement group. After studied its specifications, I decided to use Skywalker X8 delta wing aircraft for my VTOL build project.
I bought Skywalker X8 and started to search tilt mechanism. At the begining, I decided to use a main rotor mechanism of the 500 size rc helicopter with industrial bearings. But I realized that the overall weight could be more than Skywalker takeoff weight and I could not have all parts commercially on the shelf. At this point I found my self searching of 3D printers at the Aliexpress. It costed me about 3 month loss :) I bought a DIY 3D printer set and assembled it.
After fixing firmware and mechanical issues of the 3D printer I was ready to design and print tilt mechanism. I use Google Sketchup for the 3d part design. I prepare a sample Youtube video to show my drawing and printing process briefly.
I used SkyWalker X8 manual as a reference to assemble the aircraft. I design and print following parts for the 4 tilt mechanism and servo installations. You can find the 3d drawings at my github repository.
Quad arms installation parts:
I embedded the nuts in the printed parts. So I am able to use screws easily.
Tilt mechanism arms
Tilt mechanism arms are mounted on the servo shaft
Other tilt mechanism arm with bearing (6703ZZ ball bearing 17x23x4).
Tilt servo holders
Servo is inserted into the tilt servo holder
Brushless motors are mounted on the motor mounts.
Tilt mechanism is mounted on the carbon tubes
Wing servos are inserted in the wings using 3D printed servo holders.
Wiring
One of the arm is ready
3D printed arm holders
The aircraft is almost ready
I use Pixhawk flight controller which runs on Ardupilot firmware and I can easily compile its open source code for my custom needs. At the beginning I tried to write my own user functions on the Arducopter firmware to tilt servos. After my first test I switched to Arduplane firmware and began to use it.
My current configuration:
Frame Kit: Skywalker X8
Vtol Conversion Parts: Custom 3D printed
Motor: Rctimer x5(400kV), 4 pieces
Speed Controller: Hobbywing 40A
Propellers: 17x5.5
Battery: Gens Ace 6s5100x2
BEC: Hobbywing 10A (Max 20A)
Flight Controller: Pixhawk,GPS recevier, Airspeed sensor
Tilt Servos: Savox SC-0251MG, 4 pieces
Wing (Elevon) Servos: Turnigy TGY-S712G, 2 pieces
Takeoff Weight: Approx. 5kg
Pixhawk Pinouts and Wiring
MAIN OUT
1: Left Wing RC Servo (Servo1_function=77)
2: Right Wing RC Servo (Servo2_function=78)
3-4: Not used
5: Front Right Motor (CC) (Servo5_function=33)
6: Aft Left Motor (CC) (Servo6_function=34)
7: Front Left Motor (Clockwise) (Servo7_function=35)
8: Aft Right Motor (Clockwise) (Servo8_function=36)
AUX OUT:
1 (CH_9): Front Right Tilt RC Servo
2 (CH_10): Aft Right Tilt RC Servo
3 (CH_11): Front Left Tilt RC Servo
4 (CH_12): Aft Left Tilt RC Servo
5 (CH_13)- 6 (CH_14): Not used.
Pixhawk Arduplane Parameters:
I use following parameters for my initial tests.
O_tilt_rate: 45 (default). It is decresed to 15 deg/sec for test.
mixing_gain: 0,5(default). It was increased to 0,8 to give more authority to the pilot.
At Qstabilize and Qhover modes all motors are at the up position. At FBWA mode, motors are tilted to the foward (horizontal)) position.
Skywalker X8 varies a lot in how people set it up, but you usually need parameters around this range:
- RLL2SRV_P: 0.8
- PTCH2SRV_P: 0.5
- NAVL1_PERIOD: 19
Pixhawk Channel mappings
Plane default channel mappings are:- Channel 1: Roll
- Channel 2: Pitch
- Channel 3: Throttle
- Channel 4: Yaw
- Channel 8 (default): Flight modes. NOTE: Mode selection can be mapped to any unused parameter with the
MODE_CH
parameter.
You can see my first flight (hover test) I did last year (December 2016).
You can see my second flight I did at the beginning of October 2017.
As a result, after I check the log files and my configuration I will continue to test flights to perform full forward flight transition.
NOTES:
1. When I check the flight performance of the current configuration using ecalc, 17x5.5 propellers are not suitable for the forward flight. The aircraft flies near stall speed at full throttle. I must increase the pitch of the propeller.
2. I use 18mm carbon tubes for the quadcopter arms. The tube diameter should be more than 18mm to prevent the stretching of the arms. 25mm carbon tubes could be better.
3. Current configuration is open to single point of failure.
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ReplyDeleteTeşekkür ederim
ReplyDeletehey my friend do you have the 3d printed parts by chance? i am trying to recreate your project. Tashakur edirim!
ReplyDeleteHi, I don't have 3d parts, sorry. I need the parts after my crash :)
DeleteHello, I am Dhruvil Chavada. I am working on my master thesis and my model is somewhere similar to yours (total 6 rotors and V tails). Could you tell me which control algorithm did you use for the control allocation (PID, NDI, slile mode control or any other). Did you create any Matlab/Simulink model for verification? If yes, is it possible to share with me for just reference?
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